画家与画风
Artists & Styles
西洋画研究
Western Painting Studies
西洋画这个名称,实在是不大妥当的,不过因为是起源发达于西洋,对于中国画就起了西洋画的称呼,其实到现在西洋画己成为世界性的绘画了,我国之有西洋画也已有十多年的历史了。最初不过是少数画家作西洋画的临摹。这可以说是萌芽时期到五四运动力以后,和别种新的学术一脉西洋画的思想与技法渐渐被介紹到中国来,于是西洋画在我国就渐渐占着确固的地位了。到现在专门研究西洋画的人也逐渐增多,就是普通中小学的艺术科,也都采用了西洋的画法,这可以证明西洋画在我国己经被一般人士所重视了。
但是为什么要研究西洋画呢?我们不是有了很好的中国画吗?何必再去窃取西洋的皮毛呢?中国画固然有中国画的特长,就像六法中所说的气韵生动,便是国画中的生命不为物体的外像所束缚,而且重于直接的心理表现,但艺术除了表现作家的意境之外,还须表现时代精神和现实的生活中国画好像始终停留在古代的超现实的生活上,这固然是一种取材狭隘而受了画法和材料限制的原因。西洋画始终是站在写实的立脚桌上,就是从起源时代的埃及和希腊的绘画,其写实的精神,已经从实地的思想出发了。其后表现的方法日臻于完善,而发现空间的观念。我们只要看到西洋画,虽然是平面的画布,恰恰和照相的干版上映着种种物象的高低大小。那不同平面的东西,在一个平面上表现出来就可以知道西洋画的写实精神了。再说到材料,即如西洋画中最重要的油画,经过许多画家的研究,和科学的进步,到现在已进步到十分完善之境,其表现的自由,表現效果的充分,实在不是中国画的材料所能夠比擬的。
总之西洋画到了现在,决不只是西洋人的画了,是到了可以作为我们自己的绘画而作出个人的独创的时代了、对外来的思想,技法,我们尽可容纳,不过我们只拿她作为手段而表現出我们独自的艺术来。
西洋画,因为材料的不同,可以分出许多种类大別之可分:(一)素描,(二)彩色, 兹略述如下:
(一)素描:
凡是单色的绘画都叫做素描,我们时常看到的素描大概是指木炭,炭精条和铅笔画的画,但并不是指画出来黑色的画才叫做素描、譬如炭精有棕色的,铅笔也有各种顏色的,只要它是用一种色彩——即单色来表现对象的形体,明暗——立体感觉的画,就叫做素描。
素描是美术各部门中最基本的技术。在技术上说素描是美术家最基本的東西。一件美术创作是否充分地表现了它的主题思想,素描功夫的作用是很重要的,所以,可以这么说素描是为了锻炼我们的写实技术而长时间进行习作。它只是做到尽可能忠实表现对象,它本身是不包含题材意义的素描并不是创作,而是为创作服务而准备好的技术。素猫表现些什么呢?素描不管画什么,它是锻炼我们表现对象的形体,明暗关系,质量感觉,表情特征和姿态的技术。显著的例子是:一个玻璃瓶和一个陶瓶,我们除了要求正確的素描表现它的外形以外,还必须表现出我们感觉到那一个的质地是玻璃,而那一个是陶器。
素描的功夫好,你的眼睛接觸到任何对象,都可以视察正確,你的手可以依照观察的結果,正確地描绘出它的形象来。
许多的美术学校都是以木炭作石膏写生,为研究写生上最初的階段,这是什么缘故呢?因为木炭画在同一地位可屡次修改,而且可以很自由地很彻底地向对象研究。石膏是純白色的,其周围的轮廓特別明確。色彩与物质的变化也很简单。明暗的调子和线很容易辨別出来,所以用木炭作石膏写生,可以正確地捉住调子线形,以养成技巧和目力,为作油画的准备。
但木炭画不单是一种附属的画,也可以成为一种纯粹的含有趣味的画,与复杂华丽的彩色画相比較,素描自有一种清雅淡薄的妙味,并为绘画上的线与调子的骨格。
近年来新的方法是采用质地稍软的铅笔来作素描,通过铅笔的线条和线条组织成的明暗来表现对象,因为铅笔的线条一根就是一根,不是正确就是错误,决不能含糊的,而用线条组织成阴影,自然、比用木炭擦抹细致而肯定了,用铅笔锻炼出来的素描技术会比木炭素描可靠。
(二)彩色画:
(a)油画:油画是西洋绘画中最重要的绘画。其发达的历史也比较悠久考油画的最初发明者是在十四世纪北欧的画家,方.依克(Hubert van Eyck)但其起源終不甚明了,其后油画便成為西洋画中最重要的形式,当然有它优越的条件存在,因为油画比其他任何种料材的画,可以有高度的表现能力,可以极细腻,深刻地表现形象。它可以把工作时间延续较长,进行修改时也较易。同时油画的本身可以保存很久,并适宜于制作大幅的作品。
和别的造型艺术一样,油画的基础是素描,素描基础好,画油画时素描功夫帮助你了解形体的正確构成和明暗变化。但并不是说画好了素描一拿起油画笔就会画得很好,你还要用时间来锻炼油画这种特殊的表现技巧,它是用了一种笔触构成形象的,更重要的一点是对于色彩的掌握,否则即使你的素描很好,表现出来的也仅是油画式的素描并没有发挥色彩的效果
(6)水彩画:水彩画正如它的名称那样明显是清水调了颜料,用毛笔在白色的纸上描绘出形象来的一种給画。
水彩画之于油画,其色调为淡薄,其用笔为轻柔有着水彩独特的品位。有在油画中不能求得的趣味。其性质适宜作小幅者。而取材适宜于简单明快及优美轻柔者,但水彩在欧洲大陆不甚重视,不过是画家偶然乘兴而作。只有在英国,却是特別的发达,而我国一般习西洋画的人,对于水彩画的兴趣也很浓厚,这固然是因为水彩画的材料轻便,其性质和我国的国画颇有相近処,也是一大原因。
水彩画的颜色是极纯净的,它经过清水调出来的色彩是透明的。即使在白纸上先后涂了许多层,它还是有一种透明的感览。在色彩的笔触和色块当中,又使人感觉到它有饱满的水份——一般来说,水彩画都尽可能利用白纸和颜色遇到水份时那种奥妙的变化,而很少是干枯的。
水彩画和素描又有着密切的关系,没有素描的工夫,画水彩画时的明暗关系就不能把握得准确、它是一种看似容易而难以画得精的绘画,我们必须要有很多的时间去画,经验积累愈多,也就是对这种绘画的技术掌握的程度愈高。
(c)粉彩画:粉彩画在技术上接近素描,粉笔有如木炭或铅笔,但却是有色彩的。当我们画了一个相当时期的素描以后,可能过单色的素描,感到枯燥,于是试试这种“色彩的素描”来调剂一下。
粉彩画的好处很多,(1)绝对不会因为空气的影响而变色(2)画好后,任何时候都可以进行修改,(3)形式
轻便而画法简卑。
再从西洋画因所描写的对象之不同来说又可分为宗教画,历史画,风俗画,人物画,肖像画,风景画,靜物画等等的门类,宗教画,历史画,风俗画在文艺复兴以后一直到十九世纪的浪漫主义前颇为盛行,现代已很少绘画描写,现在我们所研究的不外乎人物,风景,靜物。这是因为以前绘画是以说明某种事件为目的,而现代的绘画已脫离其他的束缚而成为纯粹独立的绘画了。
人物画在西洋画中有最久的历史。从埃及时代起就有很好的作品出来。到了希腊罗马的美术更多惊人的作品,其后到了意大利的文艺复兴大画家如乔都(Giotto),哥左里(Gozzoli),饱梯契里(Botticelli)文西(Vinci)米用兰基吗(Michelangelo)拉菲尔(Raphaell)等先后辈出,达到文艺复兴的极盛时代,他们的绘画都是以人物画为主的。人物画在西洋画中有如此重要的地位,一言以蔽之就是古典主义精神的传统,更因人体从希腊时代便已表出了完全的美。他的均合,和那肌肉的起伏,骨骼的组织,不论男女都具有微妙的物质美,在那里表现出来的面,有复杂的阴影的神秘,色彩富于软的变化,而且不只是容貌,人体的全部,是具有别种事物所沒有的美好的表情,因此以人物画为最美的艺术了。
风景画在西洋画上是直到现在才盛行的。当文艺复兴的时代,纯粹的风景画还未见发达,到十七世纪的时候,在荷兰地方才发现純粹的风景画,而在绘画上才有风景画这一部门,至於在法兰西十九世纪初期的时代,还是把风景当作描写传说画的背景。到了1930年巴比仲的一群青年画家出来之后,风景画才有广大的展开、接着就有印象派的勃起,于是风景画才完成了一个新的纪元。中国现在的西洋画家,对于风景画,最感兴趣而愛好美术的素人也以作风景画为多,因风景画不像人物画的需要人体模特儿的困难,只要自己去接近自然,便可以独自寻乐地描写了,又比之于人物画造型的困难,却要自由得多。但一方面风景画的种种困难之点,也是不可以忘却的如气候的变化,色彩的复杂,各种物质的表现等等,必须要有明敏的感受性与純熟的技巧。
靜物画的发达也是近代的事情,现在研究西洋画的人普通都从靜物入手,这是因为靜物和人物不同其对象是靜止的,又不像风景画那样因为天气时间的关系,被那种非常的变化所麻烦,所以比较能沉静地去研究,而且材料的采取便利,所以适宜于初学者的练习。但研究起来也时常高深而困难、靜物画不只是表面的描画也可以表现出作者的自由意志。
The term 'Western painting' may not be entirely appropriate, but it originated and flourished in the West. The term was used to distinguish it from traditional Chinese painting, even though Western painting has become a global art form. In China, the study of Western painting has a history of more than ten years. Initially, it involved a few artists imitating Western painting techniques. During the May Fourth Movement and subsequent periods, the ideas and techniques of Western painting gradually found their way into China. As a result, Western painting has secured a stable position in our country. Over time, the number of people specializing in the study of Western painting has increased. Even art courses in ordinary primary and secondary schools now incorporate Western painting techniques, indicating a growing appreciation for Western art among the general public.
Why study Western painting when we already have the excellent tradition of Chinese painting? Isn't it unnecessary to borrow elements from Western art? While Chinese painting has its unique strengths, such as the dynamic expression of qi and the emphasis on indirect psychological representation, art should not only reflect the artist's sentiments but also convey the spirit of the times and the realities of life. Chinese painting seems to be confined to an otherworldly, ancient existence, partly due to limitations in subject matter and techniques. In contrast, Western painting has its roots in realism, starting from the paintings of ancient Egypt and Greece. The spirit of realism in Western art has evolved over time, leading to a sophisticated understanding of space.
Nowadays, Western painting is not just the art of the Western world; it has become a form of expression for artists worldwide. Studying Western painting in China has become a matter of individual creativity. We can incorporate foreign ideas and techniques but use them as a means to express our unique artistic vision.
Western painting can be categorized based on materials and techniques, with two major types: (1) Drawing and (2) Painting in Color. Let's briefly explore these:
(1) Drawing:
Charcoal Drawing: Typically monochromatic, using charcoal sticks for sketching.
Pencil Drawing: Utilizing various colors of pencils for drawing, with a focus on line and shading.
Drawing is fundamental to artistic training, honing observational skills and providing a foundation for more advanced techniques.
(2) Painting in Color:
Oil Painting: A prominent and historic medium with the ability to convey detailed and realistic images. Artists build on the foundation of drawing skills.
Watercolor Painting: Known for its transparency and delicate color effects, suitable for smaller works and detailed expressions.
Pastel Painting: Similar to drawing but with colored pastels, offering a softer, more colorful approach.
Painting in color requires a mastery of color theory and a deep understanding of the medium.
In terms of subject matter, Western painting encompasses various genres such as religious painting, historical painting, genre painting, portraiture, landscape painting, and still life. The passage emphasizes the historical dominance of figure painting, especially during the Renaissance, and the relatively recent rise of landscape and still life painting. Today, many Chinese artists, including enthusiasts and professionals, show a strong interest in landscape and still life painting due to the freedom these genres offer in terms of subject matter and the absence of the challenges posed by figure modeling.
Figure Painting:
Figure painting has a long history in Western art, with roots traced back to ancient Egypt and Greece. The mastery of depicting the human form became a hallmark of classical art. Notable artists like Giotto, Gozzoli, Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael during the Renaissance era contributed significantly to the development of figure painting. The representation of the human body, with its intricate details, muscular structure, and dynamic poses, remains a central theme in Western painting. The classical ideals of proportion and beauty continue to influence artists even in modern times.
Landscape Painting:
While landscape painting had a relatively late emergence in Western art, gaining prominence in the 17th century, it has become a significant genre. The passage mentions the flourishing of pure landscape painting in the Netherlands during this period. The Romantic movement in the 19th century further propelled the genre forward. In the 1930s, a group of young painters led by Barbizon ushered in a new era for landscape painting. Today, landscape painting has evolved into a unique expression, capturing the essence of nature and showcasing the artist's emotional response to the environment.
Still Life Painting:
The development of still life painting is also a more recent phenomenon in Western art. Often considered a suitable starting point for beginners, still life allows artists to explore form, light, and composition in a controlled setting. The genre gained prominence in the modern era, with artists finding inspiration in everyday objects. Still life painting offers a unique opportunity for artists to express their creativity and personal vision, as the objects are static, allowing for careful observation and detailed representation.